The aim of my PhD is to contribute to the development of methods to estimate (using spatialized genomic data) recent and local demographic history of natural populations, with particular focus on density and dispersal. Our approach relies on simulations and summary likelihood to allow inference of various parameters of interest and their variation. Understanding the demographic functioning of populations contributes both to the development of agro-ecological approaches for the management of species of agronomic interest and to the implementation of protection strategies for threatened populations.